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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.Its typical symptoms include social disorder, stereotyped behavior and restrictive interest.In addition, sensory abnormality is also a common symptom of ASD individuals.Pre-attentive processing is an automatic cognitive process that takes place before attention and is independent of consciousness, which reflects the ability to automatically detect changes in the environment of brain.Many researches show that the sensory abnormality and social ability disorder in ASD patients may be related to the defects in the pre-attentive processing stage.Mismatch negativity (MMN) is the most commonly used indicator of pre-attentive processing.ASD individuals show abnormal MMN in response to both social and non-social stimulus.Among them, the pre-attentive processing defect of non-social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by single tones, voice or visual stimuli, which is different from that of normal people.The pre-attentive processing defect of social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by emotional voice and emotional face, which is different from that of normal people.This result not only helps to find the physiological mechanism of sensory and social disorders in ASD individuals, but also provides theoretical support for MMN as an auxiliary diagnostic index of ASD.Future research on the pre-attentive processing of ASD individuals should pay more attention to enriching the research paradigms of MMN and adopting more kinds of social stimuli.At the same time, the influence of ASD genetic factors on MMN can also be one of the concerns of future research.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the pre-attentive processing of methamphetamine addicts.Methods:Forty methamphetamine addicts were screened and equally divided into the intervention group and the control group by random number table method.The intervention group was treated with bilateral simultaneous stimulation with 10 Hz on the left DLPFC and 1 Hz on the right DLPFC with 7 days of continuous intervention.The same scheme was used to intervene the control group, but with pseudo-stimulation. The changes of amplitude and latency of mismatch negative wave(MMN) before and after intervention were compared. SPSS 24.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Independent sample t-test was used for inter group comparison, and paired sample t-test was used for intra group comparison before and after intervention. Results:Before rTMS, there were no significant differences in MMN(F3, Fz, F4) amplitude (intervention group: (-0.90±0.28)μV, (-0.98±0.19)μV, (-0.96±0.19)μV; control group: (-0.92±0.21)μV, (-0.89±0.20)μV, (-0.94±0.16)μV)and latency(intervention group: (184.16±33.07)ms, (179.20±25.35)ms, (184.95±28.22)ms; control group: (184.91±26.96)ms, (180.99±25.29)ms, (181.55±23.19)ms) between the two groups (all P>0.05). After the intervention, there were significant differences in MMN(Fz, F4) amplitude(intervention group: (-1.38±0.16)μV, (-1.17±0.19)μV; control group: (-0.91±0.17) μV, (-0.99±0.16)μV) between the two groups (both P<0.01), but there were no significant differences in MMN (F3) amplitude(intervention group: (-1.01±0.59)μV; control group: (-0.80±0.50)μV), and in MMN (F3, Fz, F4) latency(intervention group: (177.38±26.45)ms, (172.17±23.87)ms, (179.84±23.60)ms; control group: (182.08±24.95)ms, (177.94±21.30)ms, (179.18±21.62)ms)between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in MMN( Fz, F4) amplitude (before-intervention: (-0.98±0.19)μV, (-0.96±0.19)μV; after-intervention: (-1.38±0.16)μV, (-1.17±0.19)μV)before and after intervention in the intervention group (both P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in MMN(F3) amplitude(before-intervention: (-0.90±0.28)μV; after-intervention: (-1.01±0.59)μV)before and after intervention in the intervention group ( P>0.05), and there were statistically significant differences in MMN(F3, Fz, F4) latency (before-intervention: (184.16±33.07)ms, (179.20±25.35)ms, (184.95±28.22)ms; after-intervention: (177.38±26.45)ms, (172.17±23.87)ms, (179.84±23.60)ms)before and after intervention in the intervention group(all P<0.05). After pseudo-stimulation, there were no statistically significant differences in MMN( F3, Fz, F4) amplitude(before-intervention: (-0.92±0.21)μV, (-0.89±0.20)μV, (-0.94±0.16)μV; after-intervention: (-0.80±0.50)μV, (-0.91±0.17)μV, (-0.99±0.16)μV)and latency (before-intervention: (184.91±26.96)ms, (180.99±25.29)ms, (181.55±23.19)ms; after-intervention: (182.08±24.95)ms, (177.94±21.30)ms, (179.18±21.62)ms) before and after intervention in the control group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:After repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, the pre-attentive processing of the intervention group is improved, which shows that bilateral simultaneous stimulation of the rTMS program is effective.
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Objective To explore the relationship between aural pre-attentive processing and non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) in children with benign childhood epilepsy with central-temporal spikes (BECTS),in order to provide objective electrophysiological basis for early assessment of cognitive function lesion of BECTS children and intervention.Methods Twenty-nine children diagnosed as BECTS in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University from February 2012 to November 2015 were selected,including 17 males and 12 females,and they were 4-14 years old with average age of (9.17 ±2.42) years,and the course of disease was 0.5-4.0 years.Twenty healthy children who had hospital routine check-up were selected as healthy control group,containing 14 males and 6 females,and they were 5-13 years old with average age of (8.55 ±3.09) years.Mismatch negativity (MMN) test was carried out in both groups,and the MMN amplitudes and latencies were analyzed.The long-term video electroencephalogram (VEEG) monitoring was conducted in the BECTS group to analyze the discharge phases (waking,sleep),locations and the IED indexes.The intergroup MMN indexes and the correlation between MMN and VEEG in the BECTS group were compared.Results The VEEG showed that the sleep structure of BECTS children did not change obviously.All children's epileptiform discharges were located in the Rolandic area,including 11 cases on the left side,8 cases on the right side,and 10 cases on both sides.Epilepsy discharge time:17 patients showed epileptiform discharges in sleep stages only and 12 patients showed epileptiform discharge in both sleep and waking stages.Epileptiform discharges of the 12 patients increased more significantly in sleep stage than thatin waking stage [(40.24 ± 25.15) times/min vs.(1.92 ± 1.38) times/rmin],and the difference was statistically significant (t =5.270,P =0.000).The sample IED index in stage 1 and 2 of NREM was (40.73 ± 10.69) times/min,in which 2 cases had IED indexes ＜ 5 times/min,the IED indexes of 3 cases ＞ 80 times/min who reached electrical status epilepticus during sleep,and others were 17.2-64.6 times/min.Clinical seizures in sleep stages were monitored in only 4 cases,which showed an electro-clinical segregation phenomenon from large quantities of sleep IED.The MMN amplitude was lower in the BECTS group than that in the healthy control group [(6.06 ± 1.89) μV vs.(7.28 ±1.64) μV],and the difference was statistically significant (t =2.346,P =0.025).Latency of BECTS group was longer than that in the healthy control group [(191.37 ±40.13) ms vs.(179.35 ±39.80) ms],but the difference was not statistically significant(t =1.037,P =0.355).Correlation analysis showed that the MMN amplitude was negatively related to discharge phases (r =-0.407,P ＜ 0.05) and the IED indexes (r =-0.644,P ＜ 0.01),and latency was positively related to the IED indexes (r =0.386,P ＜ 0.05),while the other VEEG indexes were not correlated with MMN.Conclusions The BECTS children have aural pre-attentive processing disturbance,especially unconscious automatic processing ability impairment,which weakenattention switch action of automatic processing switching to focused attention processing and fail to filter irrelevant information effectively.Sleep IED is an important factor in impairing the formation and reinforcement of acoustic discrimination and memory trace,interfering the acquisition,processing,storage and matching of new information,which induces children pre-attentive processing disturbance.The MMN may discover the electrophysiological changes of children pre-attentive processing disturbance in early stage.
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Objective To explore pre-attentive information processing in undergraduate students with major depressive disorder(MDD) indexed by auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) and provide scientific theory basis for the diagnosis of MDD.Methods In the deviant-standard reverse oddball paradigm with deviant stimulus presentation probability of 20％,duration auditory MMN was obtained in 17 MDD university students and 17 gender-/age-matched healthy undergraduate students.All data were analyzed by statistics means of repeated measurement of F test.Results The amplitudes of 150 ms MMN over the frontal-central area were smaller in MDD undergraduate students((-0.34± 1.24) μV) than those in healthy undergraduate students ((-1.07± 1.55) μV,F=24.318,P=0.000).The 50 ms MMN did not differ between MDD students ((-1.96± 1.14) μV) and healthy undergraduate students ((-1.23 ± 1.97) μV,F =0.089,P =0.767).Conclusion Pre-attentive auditory information processing is impaired in MDD undergraduate students.
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Objective Event related potentials (ERP), especially mismatch negativity (MMN), as index, was utilized to study the processing of Chinese tones recognized by cochlear implant (CI) users and normal hearing subjects. Methods The auditory materials were Chinese words with four tones consisting of three different oddball blocks. The ERP and MMN of CI users and normal hearing subjects were recorded and analyzed in relation to the discrimination of those tones as tested. Results The ERP and MMN of CI users and normal hearing subjects were presented. The MMN of CI users includes two negative waves: the first negative wave (MMN1) occurred approxi-mately 100 ms, and the second wave (MMN2) at 300 ms. The MMN of normal hearing subjects includes two nega-tive waves too: the first negative wave (MMN1) occurred approximately 150 ms, and the second wave (MMN2) al-so at 300 ms. The MMN1 peak latency of CI users was obviously shorter than that of normal hearing subjects and the MMN2 peak latency of CI users shorter than that of normal hearing subjects too, but the difference of MMN2 peak latency between CI users and normal hearing subjects was not as significant as that of MMN1. Conclusion In the preattentive stage, CI users could process Chinese tones as normal hearing subjects, but compared with the pro-cessing of normal hearing subjects, there are some differences in the processing of CI users.